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Eps-Associated RNA element
The ''eps''-Associated RNA element (EAR; also called ''epsC'' motif) is a conserved RNA motif associated with exopolysaccharide (''eps'') or capsule biosynthesis genes in a subset of bacteria classified within the order Bacillales. It was initially discovered in ''Bacillus subtilis'', located between the second and third gene in the ''eps'' operon (i.e., between ''epsB'' and ''epsC''). Deletion of the EAR element impairs biofilm formation.〔
The combination of comparative sequence alignments and structural probing data revealed that the secondary structure of the EAR RNA consists of five helical segments (P1-P5) and a pseudoknot〔〔 (see diagram). In general, mutations that disrupt the conserved helical regions eliminate biofilm formation by ''B. subtilis'', whereas mutations in nonconserved, variable regions exhibit no such effect.〔 Thus, the secondary structure of EAR plays an important role for its function ''in vivo''.
At the transcript level, disruption of the EAR motif leads to a significant decrease in the expression of distally located ''eps'' genes (''epsF-O'') without affecting proximal genes (''epsC-E'').〔 Consistent with this observation, several potential intrinsic terminator hairpins were found inside the ''epsF'' coding region.〔 A wild-type EAR element is capable of promoting transcriptional readthrough of these ''epsF'' terminator sites. In contrast, mutational disruption of EAR instead permits termination at the ''epsF'' terminators.〔 The EAR element also promotes readthrough of heterologous termination sites. From these data it was hypothesized that the EAR element controls ''eps'' expression through a processive antitermination mechanism to ensure the complete synthesis of the 16 kilobase operon.〔 Processive antitermination, as opposed to the transcription attenuation mechanism typically used by other cis-acting regulatory RNAs, is a process wherein the transcription elongation complex is altered by accessory factors to become resistant to pausing and termination signals. So far, EAR is the only processive antitermination system specific for Gram-positive bacteria. Further experiments failed to reconstitute EAR-mediated processive antitermination mechanism ''in vitro'' or in a Gram-negative heterologous host (''E. coli''), suggesting that additional ''B. subtilis''-specific factor(s) may also be required for EAR antitermination.〔
==References==
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